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To provide first aid in these situations, do the following:

1. Call 911/EMS.
2. Ensure the scene is safe and wear personal protective equipment.
3. Get the first aid kit and the AED.
4. Tell the dispatcher the chemicals involved if possible.
5. Remove the person from the toxin or poison and seek a well-ventilated area if possible.
6. Remove saturated clothing if present.
7. Stay with the person until advanced help arrives.
8. If CPR is required, ensure a mask is used if possible.

When treating any toxin and poison exposures, the eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water. Acids and alkaline solutions are particularly caustic and can lead to permanent vision impairments or loss.


- TOXIN & POISON EXPOSURE -

Hypothermia is a potentially life-threatening condition when the body temperature falls DANGEROUSLY LOW. Hypothermia can even develop in non-freezing temperatures.

Signs and symptoms of hypothermia are:

• Behavior change (confusion or lethargy)
• Paradoxical undressing
• Shivering (but stops as hypothermia worsens)
• Muscle stiffness
• Cold skin
• Decreased respiratory effort
• Progression to unresponsiveness and death

Rapid action is required to care for a hypothermic person.

Call 911/EMS immediately and do the following:
1. Remove the person from the cold and get them to a warm environment.
2. Remove any wet clothing and dry the person.
3. Redress in dry, warm clothing and cover with a blanket.
4. Cover the head as it is a source of significant heat loss.
5. Be prepared to perform CPR. Stay with the person until advanced help arrives.

- HYPOTHERMIA -

FROSTBITE
Exposure to cold can result in frostbite and is most common in extremities such as ears, nose, fingers, and toes. Wind chill increases the risk of frostbite. In severe frostbite cases, ice crystals form in the tissues and destroy cells resulting in permanent damage.
To provide first aid for frostbite, do the following:
1. Get the person to a warm place.
2. Call 911/EMS.
3. Remove any constricting clothing and all jewelry from the affected body part.
4. Remove all wet clothing.
5. Redress in dry, warm clothing and cover with a heavy blanket.
6. Put the areas affected by frostbite in warm—not hot—water (the temperature should be comfortable to the touch for unaffected parts of the body).
Do NOT rub, squeeze, or slap the affected extremity as this may increase tissue damage. Do not rewarm a frozen extremity if there is a risk of refreezing. Seek further care from a health care professional.

- FROSTBITE -

HEAT STROKE
When treating a person with heat stroke, immediately do the following:
1. Assess scene safety, wear protective equipment, and obtain first aid kit and AED.
2. Use a spray bottle with cold water and a fan, if available, as rapid cooling is imperative. Immerse them in a cool bath or shower if available.
3. If the person is able, encourage them to drink water, a sports drink, or an electrolyte solution.
4. Continue to cool the person until their behavior returns to normal or until advanced help arrives.

SUNBURN
Exposure to the UV radiation from sunlight can result in sunburn. Sunburn can be minor or result in blistering and sloughing of skin. 
• Avoidance of additional sun exposure is key.
• Encourage hydration and drinking of extra fluids. 
• Topical aloe vera can provide symptomatic relief. 
• If not allergic, ibuprofen can also help alleviate some of the discomforts.

- HEAT STROKE & SUN BURN -

Insect bites and stings are a common and annoying occurrence. Most bites are minor but the potential for a serious allergic reaction does exist.
Be alert for any signs or symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, as this must prompt immediate 911/EMS notification. Bites and stings caused by insects such as spiders, scorpions, and fire ants can cause local reactions, but on occasion more serious systemic reactions can occur.

Signs and symptoms that suggest a more serious reaction include:
• Nausea or vomiting
• Severe pain at the site
• Abdominal pain
• Difficulty breathing
• Muscle rigidity
• Headache
• Decreased responsiveness

- BITES & STINGS -

Small burns can be treated with first aid by doing the following:

1. Ensure that the source of the burn has been dealt with, and the scene is safe.
2. Wear personal protective equipment and get the first aid kit.
3. Rinse the burn in cool or cold water.
4. Apply antibiotic or burn cream if no allergies exist.
5. Cover with a clean, dry non-stick dressing.
6. Have the person follow up with a health care provider.

Do NOT apply ice to a burn. This technique will result in a cold injury on top of a burn and cause further tissue damage.

- BURNS -

Shock can be caused by overwhelming infection, blood loss, severe allergic reaction, severe dehydration, or heart problems. When blood flow is significantly reduced, the body does not receive an adequate supply of oxygen, and shock occurs. Victims experiencing shock may lose consciousness or fail to respond.

Signs and symptoms of shock include:
• Poor skin color that is pale, gray, or bluish
• Dizziness and lightheadedness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Behavior changes such as agitation, confusion, or unresponsiveness
• Clammy skin

When confronted with a victim in shock, do the following:
1. Activate the emergency response system by calling 911/EMS.
2. Help the victim lie down and elevate their legs.
3. Cover the victim with blankets to keep warm.
4. Be prepared to perform CPR.
5. Stay with the victim until help arrives

- SHOCK -

Many seizures result in rhythmic jerking motions, but some seizures may result in a blank stare type of behavior. A victim having a seizure may fall to the ground. Seizures are often accompanied by a brief period of unresponsiveness.
Causes include epilepsy, low blood sugar, head injury or trauma, heart disease, ingestion of a toxin, or heat-related illness. When caring for a victim experiencing a seizure, do the following: 1. Help them to the ground if needed. 2. Clear the area around them to prevent injury. 3. Place a small pillow or towel under their head. 4. Call 911/EMS.
After the seizure is over, do the following: 1. Feel the victim’s pulse. (Keep in mind that heart problems can cause seizure-like activity.) 2. Position the victim on their side to reduce the chance of choking on vomit. (Victims may throw up after a seizure.) 3. Stay with them until help arrives. DO NOT attempt to restrain a victim having a seizure + do not try to open their mouth/put anything between their teeth

- SEIZURES -

A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, is a medical emergency caused by a blocked blood vessel or bleeding in the brain.
• Slurred or unintelligible speech
• Facial droop
• Numbness
• Weakness on one side of the body
• Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
• Loss of vision
• Severe headache
• Loss of consciousness

Stroke is a neurological emergency, so time is CRITICAL.

If you suspect a person is having a stroke, do the following:

1. Immediately call 911/EMS.
2. Help the person sit or lie down.
3. Retrieve an AED and first aid kit.
4. Record the time that neurologic symptoms were noted and the last time the person was free of symptoms.
5. Be prepared to perform CPR if needed.


- STROKE -

Diabetes affects a person’s ability to regulate blood sugar. Fluctuations in blood sugar in either direction can produce symptoms. Persons with diabetes can experience low blood sugar due to illness, stress, skipping meals, or taking too much insulin. Low blood sugar can cause altered states of consciousness such as agitation, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Very low blood sugar can result in excessive tiredness, weakness, and even seizure-like activity.
1. Give them a sugar-containing beverage, such as fruit juice, milk, or a sugary soft drink that isn’t a diet drink.
2. Encourage them to sit or lie down.
3. Call 911/EMS.
4. If their symptoms improve, encourage them to eat. GLUCOSE GEL and tablets are available and are a good way to quickly increase blood sugar. If a person with diabetes is unable to sit up or swallow safely, do not give them anything to eat or drink. This could result in choking or aspiration.

- LOW BLOOD SUGAR -

Fainting is a common reaction to a variety of conditions. Individuals may faint at the sight of blood or 
during periods of intense emotional stress. More serious conditions, such as an abnormal or erratic 
heart rhythm, can also cause fainting. Also, severely dehydrated persons may faint when standing up 
suddenly. The body’s reaction to the decreased blood flow to the brain causes the person to pass out. 
By lying down, blood flow to the brain is improved

When caring for a fainting person, do the following:
1. Ensure safety of the scene.
2. Help the person lie down.
3. Elevate their legs if possible.
4. If there is no rapid improvement or the person becomes unresponsive, call 911/EMS
A person can also faint while seated in a chair. In this case, help them to the floor. Be aware of the 
potential for injury if the person has fallen. If the person does not quickly regain consciousness, 
immediately call 911/EMS. Keep in mind that fainting can be caused by a wide range of problems, 


- FAINTING -

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*First Aid Category*

Anything that mentioned medication or inhalants, PLEASE consult your GP/Doctor First!

I am NOT accountable for any damages/further injuries that occur!

--- Legislation & Ethical Aspects (South Africa) ---

[ ONLY applicable (IF) registered under the 'Department: Employment and Labour - Republic of South Africa' ]

1) Rendering Improper Care may result in liability for *NEGLIGENCE*
2) Abusing or mistreating the patient / victim:
a. Assault - threatening to physically hurt someone.
b. Battery - touching someone who does not want to be touched.
3) Forcing treatment on someone who refuses treatment.
4) Providing care *OUTSIDE* your scope of practice or experience.
5) Violating the patient's privacy.

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