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The Lungs

Larynx

Other parts

The spongy air-filled conical organs occupying most of the thoracic (chest) cavity in humans are known as the lungs. It is one of the primary respiratory organs where the gas exchange occurs after the inhaled air enters the lungs via the trachea, through the bronchi and bronchioles.


What is the Lungs?

The lungs are located a little toward the posterior part of the human body, just below the collarbone, extending down to the diaphragm, the muscular partition that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. The left and right lungs are situated on the two sides of the body with the heart, another vital organ in the thoracic cavity, located a little in front of, and at the middle of them. They are also surrounded by the rib cage, along with other organs in the chest cavity.


Where are the Lungs located?

Your lungs deliver oxygen to your body and remove carbon dioxide, a waste gas. This vital process happens 12 to 20 times each minute. 

Air enters through your nose or mouth, moves through your pharynx and larynx, and travels down your trachea. 

The trachea splits into two bronchial tubes—one for each lung. These tubes branch into smaller bronchi, then bronchioles, ending in alveoli—tiny air sacs resembling clusters of grapes. 

Oxygen passes from the alveoli into your bloodstream. The oxygen-rich blood travels to your heart, which pumps it throughout your body to fuel your cells. 

Cells use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, which is carried back to the lungs by your blood. 

When you exhale, this waste gas is released. For your lungs to work efficiently, your airways must remain open, clear of swelling, and free from excess mucus. 

Healthy lung function supports every system in your body by ensuring a constant exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with each breath you take.

What do Lungs do?

Each lung has an apex, base, root, and hilum or hilus of the lung, as well as three surfaces, keeping the lung connected to the sides of the thorax.

The apex is the superior part of the lungs, with its highest point located above the first rib, extending through the superior opening of the thoracic cavity, into the inferior floor of where the neck starts.

The base is the concave lower surface of the lung that rests over the diaphragm.
Structures including the bronchus, bronchial veins and arteries, pulmonary artery, two of the pulmonary veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves (anterior and posterior), and lymphatic vessels bundle together to form the root of the lungs. This root not only connects the two lungs with each other but also keeps them suspended in the thoracic cavity.

The structures of the root enter/leave the lung via the hilum. It is the wide depressed area located just a little higher than the center of the medial surface of the lungs.


Structure and Anatomy of the Lungs

The thyroid cartilage is a shield-shaped section of cartilage that forms part of the laryngeal skeleton, a structure in the throat area.

It is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages, and its primary function is to provide structure to support and protect the vocal cords.

Both males and females develop Adam's apples, but they tend to stick out more in males than in females. This is because the male larynx generally grows bigger and faster during puberty. A larger larynx explains why males tend to have deeper and louder voices than females.

The epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap that extends in front and above the laryngeal inlet, or more specifically the rima glottidis (glottis). The function of the epiglottis is to close the laryngeal inlet during swallowing and so to prevent the passage of food and liquid into the lungs (aspiration). This is why we can’t (and shouldn’t try to) talk and breath while swallowing.

Structures of the Larynx 

The trachea (also called the windpipe) is the large tube that brings air from the nasal passages, throat, and larynx (the upper respiratory tract) to the two large airways that branch off into each lung (bronchi). An important function of the trachea is warming and moisturizing the air, as well as catching debris and microbes before they can enter the lungs.


Trachea

Bronchi

- Smallest branches from the bronchi to lung tissue and to lung sacs.
- Have reinforcing cartilage.
- Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli.


Bronchioles

The functional respiratory units in the lungs where gases (O2 and CO2) are exchanged (enter & exit the blood stream)


Alveoli

The lung on your right side is divided into three lobes: the superior, the middle and the inferior. It’s shorter than your left lung, but also wider than your left lung. Both of your lungs are covered with a protective covering called pleural tissue.

Right Lung

Your left lung has two lobes: the superior and the interior. Your left lung is smaller than the right because your heart is where the middle lobe on your left lung would be. Your left lung has two parts that your right lung doesn’t have: the cardiac notch (where your heart fits) and the lingula, an extension of the superior lobe.


Left Lung

Both the left and right lungs have an oblique fissure separating the superior lobes from the inferior lobes, while in the right lung there is a horizontal fissure to keep the middle and superior lobes apart.

Fissures of the Lung

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